Employee Diversity Assignment Free Essays

Worker Diversity Contents: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will compose a custom paper test on Worker Diversity Assignment or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 2. Points of interest of worker decent variety to organization†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1. Favorable position of Language diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦2-3 2. Preferred position of Gender diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Favorable position of Age diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3-4 3. The issue of worker diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦4 1. Correspondence problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4-5 2. Sex separation problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 4. Answers for the issue of representative diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5-6 1. Arrangements of communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. Arrangements of sexual orientation discrimination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 5. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6-7 Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦8 1. Presentation: The worker decent variety can be characterized as the work of individuals with various characteristics and back grounds. The most crucial of the meaning of worker decent variety are center around race, sex, nationality, age. As per (Nancy R, June 2005), quick mechanical change, globalization, the interest for abilities and training, a maturing workforce and more noteworthy ethnic expansion in the work showcase have enormously affected the course of action of decent variety today. Today’s meaning of representative assorted variety incorporates race, age, ethnicity, sex or character and work style, auxiliary impact, for example, religion, economics and training. These days, representative decent variety is very populace the work place. It has preferences likewise joined by the burdens. 2. Points of interest of representative decent variety to the associations 2. 1. Bit of leeway of Language assorted variety: In the association if the representatives are communicating in various dialects, it might carry a few advantages to the association. For instance, in the one organization if the staffs communicate in not just one language, when the organization need some staff to go abroad to join a few gatherings or do a few examinations and exploration. So the organization can just get a few staffs that can communicate in those countries’ dialects and send them for the gatherings or investigations rather than discover a few interpreters or even go through cash to employ a few advisors. It truly can spare the use for the organization. These days, if an organization need to be succeed, it truly should have the option to all the more likely coordinate into this world and furthermore need to expand their perspectives. The representatives are the fundamental power of the organization; their exhibitions are truly influencing the company’s future. The employees’ language decent variety can assist the organization with exploring all the more abroad markets and make them progressively serious. 2. 2. Preferred position of Gender assorted variety Gender decent variety additionally has its own focal points for association. In a time, individuals change their perspectives the sexual orientation assorted variety in the work place. They understood that not just men can accomplish each work in the work place. Presently, ladies are turning out to be increasingly more significant in association. These days ladies have the range of abilities for the new serious requests of specialized work. Organizations concur that they need increasingly specialized pioneers with fluctuated abilities, for example, relational aptitudes and business abilities. 93% of specialized pioneers in an overview indentified the structure of cooperative systems in an association as a vital part of authority (White, B, 2006). Ladies have the right stuff to satisfy the new needs of innovative work both as far as specialized and relational abilities (Tray, L, 2007). Obviously relational abilities are truly required in the association; it is exceptionally valuable and supportive for running the association. Each one of those show that ladies are in fact progressively appropriate for specific pieces of association. These are additionally the benefits of sex decent variety. 2. 3. Preferred position of Age assorted variety Age decent variety has its own focal points in the working environment. These days in the work place, there are a wide range old enough degrees of laborers. One piece of them is old laborers. An ever increasing number of old laborers in the work place are the current pattern. Since now, individuals are resigning a lot further down the road than previously and their vocations are reached out in the current day. As per the examination by United States Department of Labor shows that somewhere in the range of 1977 and 2007 work of laborers 65 and over expanded 101 percent, contrasted with an a lot littler increment of 59 percent for all out business (16 and over). For those more established specialists they throughout the entire worked time in the work place, certainly they got more understanding and information than the youthful age laborers. Those of them can move information and experience to the new laborers. It can enable the association to spare the use for sending the new laborers for preparing. Also, the old workers’ experience can enable the new laborers to stay away from some basic slip-ups. In the other hand, these days in the work place there are likewise numerous youthful age laborers. They additionally can carry the advantages to the association. Contrast and more seasoned specialists, more youthful laborers are progressively imaginative and development. They can assist the association with making better choice and improve critical thinking (Harvey, Carol P; M. June Allard, 2012). These days, if the association needs to stay serious, it ought to urge the staff to appropriate an assortment of thoughts which prompts more significant levels of development. This piece of laborers is actually another essentialness of association and they can assist association with keeping up with the pace of the occasions. 3. The issues of worker decent variety Consider the representative assorted variety in the work place. Other than the advantages, there are numerous issues come out too. And every one of these issues may prompt misfortune for the association. Underneath two issues are exceptionally regular in the work place. 3. 1. Correspondence issue Communication boundaries will prompt issues in the association. For instance, if an administrator gives guidelines about finishing an errand to a staff. Be that as it may, this staff neglects to completely understanding the guidelines due to the language boundary. And afterward the staff may commit errors on the off chance that he attempts to finish the assignment without accepting explain or even don’t recognize what the undertaking it is. This difficult will cause the deferral of the assignment finish or even fizzle. It will truly cause the misfortunes for the organization. Furthermore, if during a cooperation, the staffs have correspondence issue. It will influence the productivity of work and some of the time it will influence the connections of the colleagues. And furthermore due to the representatives may originate from various nations, so they may have their own work styles and practices and those circumstances additionally can mess correspondence up among the representatives. Lastly influence the organization’s advantage. 3. 2. Sex separation issue Gender segregation is another extremely regular wonder in the work place. As indicated by the conventional reasoning, ladies have been viewed as mentally second rate compared to men and men are more able than ladies at work. In this manner, in the working environment, under similar conditions men will persuade more chance to be advanced than ladies. Same as in the administration level, women’s proposal and thoughts now and then will be disregarded or unaccepted. Above marvel have additionally can prompted the absence of collaboration and wastefulness work. Furthermore, this is additionally an explanation of pay-hole among male and female specialists. Here and there the sexual orientation segregation even occurred in the enrollment. During the meeting men truly get high opportunity to land the position than ladies. As indicated by an overview directed by the middle for Women’s law and legitimate administrations of Peking University in 2009 (Women’s Law and Legal administrations, 2009). This study explored 3,000 female representatives more than one year’s time and got the outcomes by dissecting information talked with certain ladies workers. As per managers set various models in enrollment and ladies must have amazing execution than their male rivals in meeting to land a similar position. Mutiple/3 of those ladies said that male representatives are anything but difficult to get advanced and need is constantly given to male workers. This is completely represented sexual orientation segregation truly occurred in the work spot and it turns into a major issue in the work environment. . Answers for the issue of worker assorted variety Regarding the issues of representative decent variety in the work place, we have to get a few answers for dodge or illuminate them. If there should arise an occurrence of these issues harm the interests of association. 4. 1. Answer for correspondence issue: ? Preparing: Employees could be given legitimate preparing to get in certain language courses in the event that they have language hindrances. They additionally should be prepared how to utilize the association inside data framework, for example, phone framework, email framework. Set a SOP for staff to check the work has been get to appropriately: Communication issue consistently brought about by misconception and vagueness lastly lead to misfortune for the association. The association heads can set a few SOPs for staff to ensure the work and data has been actualized appropriately. I

Gonorrhea Essay Example For Students

Gonorrhea Essay Gonorrhea is an irresistible explicitly transmitted ailment. This malady includes the mucous films of the urogenital tract. Gonorrhea is significantly more evident in guys on the grounds that they build up an intense release of discharge from the urethra. Rare when it begins, it gets thicker and heavier and causes visit pee. At the point when pee happens, there will be a consuming sensation. In the event that the prostate gets contaminated, the entry of pee is incompletely deterred. In females the disease happens in the urethra, the vagina, or the cervix. In spite of the fact that release and aggravation of the vaginal mucous layers might be serious. About few or no early manifestations will show up. Gonorrhea is analyzed by recoloring a smear of the release to uncover the microorganisms. Treatment in the beginning times is generally compelling. On the off chance that the illness is untreated in the male, the early side effects may die down, however the disease may spread to the balls causing sterility. In the untreated female the contamination ordinarily spreads from the cervix into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic incendiary infection. Extreme agony may happen, or the contamination may remain behind with not many or no indications. While doing this, it will be bit by bit harming the cylinders and leaving the lady sterile. In both genders the gonococcus may enter the circulatory system, bringing about joint pain, heart irritation, or different infections. Gonorrhea in pregnant ladies might be transmitted to the newborn child during birth and may, if untreated, cause a genuine eye contamination. Penicillin is usually utilized against gonorrhea, albeit throughout the years an expanding number of penicillin safe strains have been found. Other viable anti-infection agents are antibiotic medication, spectinomycin, and the fresher ones called cephalosporins. One anti-microbial called ceftriaxone can fix simple gonorrhea, including contaminations impervious to penicillin, with a solitary infusion. Gonorrhea expanded extraordinarily in the U.S. nearly arriving at pestilence extents in youths and youthful grown-ups. In most huge urban communities centers have been built up where youngsters can get treatment. One of the most troublesome undertakings in controlling gonorrhea is finding all ongoing sexual contacts of a tainted individual so as to forestall additionally spread of the illness. Human Sexuality

7 Secrets for an Always-On Positive Attitude

7 Secrets for an “Always-On” Positive Attitude Inner positivity is the difference between accomplishing difficult tasks and giving up  without a fight. It’s also the difference  in  how well you handle criticism and  blowing up into a fit of rage.Your day could be filled with plenty of scenarios such as â€"An office colleague making a joke about you in a light veinA family member pointing out all the tasks that you were supposed to do for the weekA neighbor asking you to accept any mail on their behalf while they are awayDepending on how positive you are, you’ll overcome all the above situations with a smile and win over all your social interactions or  you get to be the  mean guy  off  the block that no one wants to talk to, thanks to your pessimistic nature.Let’s learn how to turn on the positive switch within you and leave it on for good.HOW A POSITIVE ATTITUDE CAN IMPROVE YOUR  LIFE  FOR THE BETTERCan Positive Thinking Impact Your Health?According to a statement by  Deepak Chopra of CNN, “Positive thinking does indeed form a placebo effect in the minds  of patients  and  aids in recovery”.He states that when bad news is pronounced to a patient about his or her chances of survival, the patient immediately  feels  negative  about themselves  and gives up on any chance of survival that he or she might have had.Medicine, when combined with positive thinking,  has shown to heal a broken spirit â€" both internally and mentally.The link between healing the body through positive thinking has to do with the connection of the mind and body.Let’s take an example â€" In a study conducted on college students, some of them were given non-alcoholic beverages and were told that it was beer.This experiment concluded with some of the patients feeling drunk at the end of it when it was simply their mind tricking them into believing they had consumed alcohol.Here’s another example  of  Buddhist  monks  that practice meditation for years  and  were  able to sync their mind and body into one being that  was  in capable of feeling pain even under the effects of severe heat and chilling cold.A normal human would be dehydrated or accumulate  frostbite  in these respective conditions.The following 2 studies  demonstrate that  positive thinking  plays  a  critical  role in medicine and that pills aren’t the only way to heal.Positive Thinking Leads to Better RelationshipLet’s put it  this way  â€"    if  you are an angry person,  the chances are highly likely that no one really finds you appealing and would just talk to you to get  their  work done.However, if you were a person that  is positive with encouraging words or someone who listens to others, you’ll be a life coach to many people wanting to find solace in your positivity.Positivity for healthy relationships begins with forgiveness.  A report  from the American Psychological Association demonstrates that patients that put  the  effort  into  forgiving their  wrongdoers  went on to lead a healthy life both â€" mentally and physicall y.This is because as we carry the burden of someone’s  mistake  in our head, it’s impossible to co-exist with positivity as we have visions of anger and revenge.But the moment we let go of everything and simply forgive the person, we become better versions of ourselves by not  having  grudges.To begin to forgive someone, we must take the first step of practicing empathy.These simple tips will  exorcize  your negative demons and make you a more positive and forgiving person â€"When someone has done you wrong, immediately count to 10 without reactingPractice the art of deep breathing when you feel stressed about someone entering your life uninvitedAlways “journal” your negative thoughts in a book. Write down all your inner worries so you can put them on paper. You’ll be able to slowly deal with them once they are out of your mind.Forgiveness isn’t easy, and it takes a great deal of mental strain to forgive someone that has done you wrong. However, by forgiving them, you  s pare  yourself from the mental pain.Betrayal comes in all shapes and sizes. If you’ve been let down by a close friend, simply move on with your life and never repeat the mistake of trusting them again.Remember the quote “Keep your friends close and your enemies closer”?  Never reveal guarded secrets of your life at the whim of a moment, it could cost you.Anger is never the answer. There is always a peaceful  solution.  Always.Positive Thinkers are Successful in LifeHave you ever heard of a billionaire or millionaire that made it big in life and was also a pessimist?Neither did we.That’s because success is synonymous with positive thoughts. It’s impossible to build success on a negative foundation.While a negative individual will always have complaints in his  or her  life, a positive thinker will find new ways to better  their  lives, that’s why positivity pays off in your career and business.If  the head of a company  has  the confidence of a  king, his employees are bo und to be soaked in this positive energy and that’s where great work comes together. Positivity is contagious.A mental attitude  to get  work done without thinking of the  difficult road ahead  is the secret formula for many successful  people  such as  Mark Twain.Here are a few tips to get the right energy flowing into you to  ensure your  success â€"Use “I can” often even if the job seems impossible at first. Mentally you’ll be prepared to finish it without  room for  excuses.Fear is a normal emotion. Even a Lion feels fear but it’s confident in its  ability to hunt  to bring down prey when the need arises.  Go beyond your initial fear.Physical activity is a great way to clear your mind from negative experiences.  Try running outdoors to clear your head.Read a few inspiring quotes daily to get your positivity flowing.Success or  failure is a state of mind. If you hunger for success, then you’ll think positive.If you need to achieve a career goal. Close your eyes and vi sualize the future. Visualizing helps in achieving your  milestones.Being physically  healthy  is just as important  as  being  successful. Follow a nutritious  regime and reject junk food.The only failure is when you  begin to  give up.Don’t always  seek out perfection. Just  aim to complete the job  and improve on it to the best of your skill.Now that we’ve understood the benefits of positivity in our lives. Let’s find out the secrets on how to introduce positivity into our life.As we all know, climbing the first flight of stairs is always easy, it’s only until we reach the 5th  flight, do we really wonder if we can make it all the way to the top  while gasping for air.Don’t worry we have you covered, we’ve compiled the information in a  convenient  way.7  SECRETS THAT ADD POSITIVITY TO YOUR LIFE  Supercharging yourself with waves of positive influence doesn’t have to be  a chore.Simple  fixes to your personality and lifestyle  bring  out the new positive personality out of you.Think of positivity as a defense shield against a mirage of problems â€" failure, pessimism,  anger, criticism, disappointment, heartbreak, etc.With these  7  tweaks, you’ll be safeguarding and  rejuvenating your  confidence  every step of the way.1. Leading a Proactive LifeThe term proactive actively translates into â€" taking responsibility for your actions and anticipating life’s  problems.Imagine if you had a superpower that allowed you to peek  into the future  and weigh your options in  the  present â€" wouldn’t that influence you to avoid problems and steer  your way  towards success.Guess what?This superpower is an innate ability that lies dormant in all of us, through positivity and a proactive lifestyle we can awaken these clairvoyant powers. These Following 5 Tips Will Help You Lead a Proactive LifeBe ResponsibleWhen was the last time you accepted your mistake and apologized?If it’s been a  while,  then it’s time to take full  responsibility  for  yo ur mistakes.  â€œTo err is human” â€" this quote signifies that every human being is built to make mistakes along his journey.Don’t waste time blaming  others even if you aren’t  the one at fault. Learn to never commit these mistakes  again and take every failure as a stepping stone.Question Yourself OftenTo know if  youre  taking a good decision, you’ll need the power of your mind to ask you questions before you execute them.This is the way to predict if you’re going to be successful in life  or not. For example â€"What am I doing with my life?  Should I consider switching jobs at this point  in  my life or is there something more to learn?Am I happy in the job that I perform?Is there more to life for me?Should I be looking at other options? Maybe a career, change?The above series of questions are examples of the type of personal questions you should be framing to yourself.Never leave things to fate and always reconsider your decisions.It’s easier to take 2 minutes to   rethink than regret an entire lifetime  for a silly decision you made.Take Control of the Steering Wheel of Your LifeOften, we refuse to change ourselves no matter how negatively our life is impacting us.For example, we refuse to kick  bad habits like  smoking or maybe we are stubborn alcoholics, maybe there’s a bad  addiction  that we are unable to  shake  off.This part  is called “Losing  control of  the steering wheel”.  The steering wheel is a metaphor for  willpower.To get our hands back on the steering wheel, we need to first ask ourselves what we are missing from our lives and gain it back. Such as â€"MoneyFamily-timeA clean bill of healthCareerHobbiesVacationAdding what you are missing in life is how you take control of the wheel by being in the driver’s seat again.Forget all the missed opportunities and work towards  creating  fresh opportunities to sort things out.Plan Your Goals in 5-year or 10-year TermsEvery plan requires nurturing and a significant amount of ti me to see results.Therefore, never  aim for  a life  goal  with a  short-term  to achieve it like â€"  6-months to a year.If you haven’t seen success lately, it’s time to create a plan and write down  your  milestones that you can attain easily.Think of life  as  a 2-hour movie with a great beginning and an exhilarating end.In this case, you need to plan  out your life like a movie â€" start strong, add in the plot points, then the  drama, fill in the character  sheet,  and finally, the  climactic  ending.A 5  or  10-year  development  plan  should include all these  steps  â€"Defining your milestones and your end goalSetting up a deadline for every milestone in time format (E.g. 2 months to finish programming course basics)List down your strengths and weaknessesFocus on your strengthsLimit your weaknessesTake support from role models or familyMeasure your progressDevelop additional skillsetsGrab opportunities by the wingIdentify and isolate threatsPrioritize your goals in the o rder from highest to lowestSchedule your development planOnce you’ve got your development plan written down.Each year you’ll be able to record  and compare  your progress with your vision.You’ll have a fair idea on how your progress is coming along.Remember, positivity only assists  your  journey but taking action brings your closer to your goals.Invest in  KnowledgeOne of the most important rules to lead a proactive life is by investing in knowledge before you begin to invest in other money schemes.Here’s a question for you â€" If you had $100 and had no skillset, would you  â€"A. Choose to invest the $100 in your friend’s shop B. Invest it by buying an online course of your preferred skillset C. Invest in buying new shoes and clothesThe  appropriate  answer is â€"  B. By investing in a skill set, you get the maximum  value  for your money  through knowledge.You’ll have an active skillset  that can be converted into an earning model. While the other 2 options have littl e to no value.Positivity  is  about investing in yourself and realizing that when you’re worth something, you’ll be able to do much more  for your  future.When  you’re clueless about your money, always invest in knowledge.2. Practicing the Art of GratitudeResearcher Dr. Martin E.P. Seligman  submitted a report  on a study he had conducted on 411 people about the effects of positivity being linked to gratitude.In the study, the participants were asked to send  a letter of gratitude to the people they had never thanked before for a past act of kindness.The test results proved that there was a large impact in the overall happiness score after the individuals sent out their letters. The impact of the happiness would last over a month.Saying “Thank You” isn’t just about reciprocating your gratitude to your fellowmen, it’s about nurturing good etiquettes and a positive vibe around you.People who show gratitude have the following benefits restored to their life â€"Improved  r elationshipsIncreased  self-esteemBoost positive emotionsEnhance mental well-beingBetter romantic relationshipsLong-lasting friendshipsIncreased social-supportLowers stress and reduces suicidal tendenciesBeing content with lifeAll these benefits  are  free  by  just saying two words.If you haven’t been grateful lately, it’s time to begin by saying “thank you” to at least one person  every  week.Be grateful to  someone holding out a door for you or  your office mate  offering to drop you home.You could even say “thanks” to your colleague for  reminding you about something important.Gratitude helps  with nurturing positivity for you  and  to  the person you are grateful for.  Two smiles for the price of two words! 3. Limit Social-Media and EntertainmentWe get it that you can’t unplug yourself from Facebook and Instagram as it’s your own mystical portal to a world filled with charm, friendships, and a whole lot of fun.However, too much sugar in your pie can ruin your ta ste buds.  We mean  don’t refrain from using social-media  completely  instead limit your time.Social  media  can be fun when used within limitations and rules but once you’re addicted to posting every bit of your personal information and take criticism of strangers strongly, it can begin to impact your  emotions  in a negative way.Take for example, you’ve been to the Eiffel Tower  on your trip to France  and have just taken a terrific photo in front of it, the moment you upload the photo on Facebook, you’ll usually spend a good part of your time refreshing to see the number of likes and comments  you’ve got  instead of actually having a good time in  Paris.A study  by Psycom has proven that there has been an increase of depressive episode among adolescents  from  2005 to 2014  directly influenced by  social  media.Comparisons and online bullying are one of the biggest reasons to impact youngsters and this begins to affect them right through their adulthood.The internet is a mixed bag with fun interactive conversations to harsh  judgments  by strangers.To say the least, positivity will only be restored if you spend more hours of your waking time  in reality  than  in a virtual environment allowing others to judge your life.Here are a few ways to limit social media â€"Apps such as  OFFTIME  and  AppDetox  help curb your time online on your mobile devicesSet an alarm to remind you  every  30-minutes  to ensure you don’t  overextend  your social-media timeIdentify all  social  media  platforms  that you’ve visited  and the time that you’ve browsed them using your phone settings. You’ll have a good idea on which platform utilizes the most of your time and make changes accordingly to limit it.Turn off “Notifications”. A prime reason why people browse their phones  is due to phone interruptions.Take short walks in the open without  carrying any  smart devices, it will help clear your mind and rejuvenate your positive energy 4. Don’t be Afraid of FailureMost of us lose our positive vibes the moment we hit a roadblock called “Failure”.  Suddenly,  all the positivity that lasted a month is gone and we are back to the drawing board.Our mind makes us believe that it’s impossible to bounce back from failure and our confidence  has taken a massive hit.So how do we truly renew ourselves and keep our motivation in check through a bout of failure?Here are a few ways.Convert your failure into numbers or understandable words.  Say you’ve failed a test or  taken a  massive  beating  in the stock market, it’s time to evaluate your options and focus on how to make a positive impact  on  your life. Start by identifying the mistakes that you’ve made and  ensure  you never repeat them by writing them down. Execute a “Plan B” and come up with a new and improved plan. No one hits the ball out of the park the first time, it takes trial and error to attain perfection.Realign your perspective.  Sometimes failure happens becaus e we aren’t in the right mindset.  If  your  mind is clouded by fear, you’ll always be  close  to failure as you aren’t fully committed to the action. Instead, if you changed your mindset and believed that you’ll achieve success, you’ll commit 100% to the plan and will do your best, therefore you have a high percentage of success.Forgive yourself.  If you don’t forgive yourself for your failures, you’ll always hate yourself and what you’ve become. This is a dangerous road as it ends up with  self-loathing. Take a moment to forgive yourself and smile.  Forgive yourself every night  before going to bed for all the wrongs of the day, this will help you wake up to a brand-new day. In this way, you’ll take things in life one day at a time instead of pulling the weight of your past.5. Gain InspirationHave you ever watched a movie that felt so real to your life and in the end inspired you to get things  done?Positivity lies in the inspiration of others who’ve walked the road that you’re currently walking.By  reading simple quotes, one can experience inspiration and a positive  mindset.Here are  5  quotes to show you what we mean.“Once you replace negative thoughts with positive ones, you’ll start having positive results.” â€" Willie Nelson“I always like to look on the optimistic side of life, but I am realistic enough to know that life is a complex matter.”? â€" Walt Disney“Don’t Let Yesterday Take Up Too Much of Today.” â€" Will Rogers“It’s Not Whether You Get Knocked Down, It’s Whether You Get Up.” â€" Vince Lombardi“Failure Will Never Overtake Me If My Determination to Succeed Is Strong Enough.”? â€" Og MandinoThese  powerful  quotes instill confidence  and will push you further each day to achieve when you feel your energy draining.That’s why reading a single quote every morning will add a lot of positivity to your life and it’s a wonderful practice to get into.Another way to gain inspiration is by reading  th e  autobiographies  of successful people.Homeschool World has  an article  on how introducing biographies to young kids helps them choose their career  much  before their teenage years and will set  them  up for an exciting future.Many kids relate to aspiring professions such as a physician, writer, nurse, attorney, trader, poet, etc. A biography of a successful person helps in achieving a self-purpose for yourself as well as for your career. 6. Value Your Time“Time is a gift that most of us take for granted.” â€" Cheryl RichardsonTime is an essence that once spent can never be gotten again.Money, assets, and success are all a result of time.Hence, it’s of utmost importance on how you plan your time in order to attain a permanent positive mentality in your life.Many people spend time in various ways not knowing it’s being wasted â€"Do you spend time arguing with people till they see your point of view?Do you go out of your way to do things for people who are ungrateful to yo u?Do you often get angry and frustrated at people?  Do you spend most of your time regretting the decisions of your past?  If you’ve answered “Yes” to even one of the above questions, you are undoubtedly wasting copious amounts of time that could  otherwise  be used in the right direction.Time management is an important concept and one that is core to a positive life.By managing your daily tasks, you’ll create a routine that you can abide  by  and get more done in a day than you  ever  managed  in a week.You’ll also enhance your reputation for getting work done and will be able to manage your priorities and obligations in the right way.Here Are  2  Ways to Manage  Your  Time EfficientlyEstimate the value of your time.If you make $2000 per week and work for 5 days. Then that’s $2000/5 days = $400 per day.  So,  if you work for 10 hours a day, you are effectively worth =  $40/per hour. Now that you’ve understood how  to calculate your worth  for  every  hour, you’ll un derstand exactly how much  income is being lost by not being productive for your time spent.From here you can choose to increase your minimum wages  per hour  or put in more hours to increase your total worth. Calculating your time is incredibly important as you’ll know exactly how much money you are losing per month  on  inefficient tasks and cut them out of your life.Evaluate all your competitors.Whether you are a business owner or an employee, it’s necessary to have data  from  your competitors with you.Comparing your data with your competitors will give you a rough idea on whether you are ahead of the race or behind the race.Let’s say you are a business owner and you’ve just managed to pull  profit  data that  states  your competitor is ahead due to better advertising  campaigns.By increasing your own advertising campaigns, you’ll accomplish far more for your company in a year than in 5 years. This is time management as an entrepreneur.As an employee, you’ll be able to compare your wages with other companies to get a fair estimation  of  what your worth is on the job market.With this data, you’ll be able to negotiate a deal with your current company or move on to greener pastures for  better  pay. Effectively increasing your finances and valuing your time and career choice.With these simple tweaks to your time management, you’ll be happy  in your career and understand how much you are worth. 7. Spread Love  Through Community ServiceOne of the best ways to reap positivity is by contributing to society and  by  putting  a smile on people’s faces.Not only will you receive a rewarding experience, but it will make you feel better when you sleep at night.Here are a few ways you can provide support for your community and help people.Provide  Nutritious  Food to  the  HomelessNothing says positivity and happiness like giving unfortunate people a belly full of nutritious food. You can either cook your own food and provide bundles of food to the ho meless or enroll at a community food kitchen and serve out bowls of piping hot food to those less unfortunate.Starting a Blog  to Help OthersMany people require help with various things on the internet. By starting a community blog and sharing your talent, you’ll help people.A blog helps you start a community such as tailoring, cooking, nursing, makeup, DIY, etc. there are plenty of ideas to help people out and you’ll be rewarded  with  gratitude by plenty of happy souls.Make a DonationMany charities in and around your neighborhood could require financial aid to help people. You can donate clothes, money, and any household goods to these places.If you prefer to make an online donation there are several charities such as â€"    Red Cross,  UNICEF,  GlobalGiving, etc.Become a TeacherYou can provide online courses or enroll at  an  educational facility to provide classes for people willing to learn. You might  be  good at programming, software, computer skills, or fashion designing , there is always room for more teachers in the  world.You’ll be a role model  for  plenty of students and they will always share their positivity with a smile and a great big “Thank You”.Suicide Prevention HelplineMany depressed individuals are usually lonely and require support from other people. You could offer to enroll as a specialist in offering support to people who are distraught.A simple phone conversation can provide support and you’ll be saving plenty of lives in the long run.For every life that you save, you’ll have the credit of being the person responsible for changing their lives forever.Helping people is often the best way to get in touch with our positive side.Humans are social beings and often spend time conversing and solving each other’s problems.But with modern technology added, it’s becoming  increasingly  difficult for people to  find time out of their  private lives and  provide community service. FINAL THOUGHTS ON MAINTAINING A POSITIVE ATTITUD EPositivity isn’t gained from just one single source and maintaining it requires you to break old negative habits and rewire yourself to a positive approach.Our minds are powerful enough to come out of any disaster and we can  mentally  heal ourselves by living  with  a positive  attitude.Once you’ve lived a positive life, it’s time to pass on the benefits to the next person and welcome them into a world of positivity.

Dubitatio as a Rhetorical Strategy

Dubitatio is a  rhetorical term for the expression of doubt or uncertainty. The doubt that is expressed may be genuine or feigned. Adjective: dubitative. Also called indecision. In oratory, dubitatio commonly takes the form of expressions of uncertainty about the ability to speak effectively. EtymologyFrom the Latin, wavering in opinion Examples and Observations To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troublesAnd by opposing end them. . . .(From Hamlets soliloquy in Act III, scene 1, of William Shakespeares Hamlet)Comic Dubitatio[E]ventually it became clear that the only thing to do was to go to Croyden, where [British Telecoms] offices are.And that, gentlemen, is how I discovered the legendary Arsehole of the Universe, a sort of reverse Shangri-La where you age hundreds of years in a mere lunchtime. Can I speak of the mystical Telecom eyrie, the fabled Delta Point, with its solemn procession of whining, impotent, bearded men in brown Terylene suits? Can I tell of its burger bars, car parks, building society offices? Is my pen capable of painting its atmosphere of municipal sniveling and cheeseparing rapaciousness? Have I the tongue to sing its one-way system?No.(Michael Bywater, Bargepole. Punch, August 24, 1990)Dubitatio in Shakespeares  Julius CaesarI come not, friends, to steal away your hearts:I am no  orator, as Brutus is;But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,That love my friend; and that they know full wellThat gave me public leave to speak of him:For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,Action, nor  utterance, nor the power of speech,To stir mens blood: I only speak right on.(Marc Antony in William Shakespeares  Julius Caesar, Act III, scene 2)Dubitatio as the Ironic Expression of Doubt- One device of which [Thomas Hobbes] makes frequent use is dubitatio, the ironic expression of doubt or ignorance. . . . Some English rhetoricians had assumed that the purpose of the device is to give voice to genuine uncertainties, in consequence of which they made no distinction between dubitatio and aporia. But others recognised that, as Thomas Wilson observes, the defining characteristic of dubitatio must be its disingenuousness. We are far from expressing any real uncertainty; we merely make the hearers believe that the weight of our matter causeth us to doubte what were best to speake.(Quentin Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes. Cambridge University Press, 1997)- Dubitatio  consists in the speakers trying to strengthen the credibility (fides veritatis) of his own point of view by means of a feigned oratorical helplessness, which expresses itself in the appeal to the  audience, made in the form of a question, for advice concerning the efficient and relevant intellectual development of the speech.(Heinrich Lausberg,  Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study, 2nd ed.. Translated by Matthew T. Bliss and edited by David E. Orton and R. Dean Anderson. Brill, 1998)Dubitatio and IntonationDubitatio is not always an oratorical device . . .. The speakers intonation always conveys a high or low degree of assurance. Doubt is quite natural in interior monologue.(Bernard Dupriez, A Dictionary of Literary Devices, trans. by Albert W. Halsall. Univ. of Toronto Press, 1991)The Lighter Side of Dubitatio- [N]othing irks quite as much as the luvvie that takes to the stage and utters the big fat lie: I havent prepared a speech, because I really didnt think I was going to win.What do they mean, they didnt think they were going to win? They are in a category of four nominees. And its not like they havent seen award  ceremonies before where the result was unexpected. Of course they thought they might win, and of course they spent the whole week leading up to the ceremony rehearsing their speech again and again--in the shower; on the loo; walking up the stairs; walking down the stairs; staring in the fridge; squeezing their teabags; moisturising; doing their press-ups; taking out the recycling; changing a light bulb; chopping onions; flossing; tossing their socks in the laundry bin; loading the dishwasher; turning lights off; turning lights on; drawing the curtains; sniffing the milk--so youd have thought they would ha ve got it down pat by now. And you know what, they have. Because the speech theyve been endlessly rehearsing is this:I havent  prepared a speech, because I really didnt think I was going to win.Liars.(Rob Brydon, Lee Mack, and David Mitchell,  Would I Lie To You?  Faber Faber, 2015)-  You know Im not good at making speeches, especially when I dont have you to write them for me.(Dan Wanamaker, played by Alan Alda, in What Women Want, 2000)

Essay Animal Testing - 730 Words

Kenzi Winnegrad Professor Hojem English 2 October 2017 Exploratory Essay: Animal Testing Animal testing is an extremely controversial topic because it deals with delicate matters and matters of humanity. Animal testing is intended to help consumers buy safe and healthy products, but they are torturing innocent animals by doing so. People that are in favor of animal testing usually are also advocates for medical research and progress, though there have been other proven methods of research. But they don’t think of it as tormenting and killing animals. On the other hand, a lot of people are compassionate about animals and think that testing on them is inhumane. These advocates of the animals think that an animal’s safety should be put†¦show more content†¦The author states that biologically, animals and people are very different. Additionally, â€Å"the biological differences between humans and animals make it possible for a chemical or substance to be both safe for animals yet toxic to humans† (Miley, â€Å"Cons Against Animal Testingâ € ). There is the legal aspect of the topic to consider also. Many people think that the Animal Welfare Act legally protects animals and that they often are not harmed during testing. But, the author’s thoughts may suggest otherwise. The Animal Welfare Act protects pets like dogs and cats, however it provides no protection for birds, mice, and rats. These birds, mice, and rats â€Å"make up more than 90 percent of all laboratory animals† (Miley, â€Å"Cons Against Animal Testing†). To not be covered by this Animal Welfare Act means that they legally â€Å"are subjected to painful medical procedures and conditions without anesthesia or other forms of pain relief† (Miley, â€Å"Cons Against Animal Testing†). This author’s ideas directly conflicts with the ideas in my first source. My last source I found doesn’t really favor either side of the argument. The author provides information about alternatives to animal testing. The auth or believes that new technology could put forward a better way of testing than using animals. The source offers thorough descriptions of new alternative testing modes, for example, â€Å"the human cell-based in vitro† (â€Å"Alternatives to Animal Testing†), whichShow MoreRelated Animal testing Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pagescomes to animals and their rights, there is a definite line between our needs and our taking advantage of those species that we consider inferior. As long as man has existed he has been carnivorous, and the same holds true for many other species of animals. Animals are a necessity to humans for survival, whether it be for food, clothing, etc. However, the unnecessary torture of animals through testing is not a necessity for human survival. When it comes to the needless torture of animals that we claimRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing1728 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"twenty-five million and 30 million† animals are exploited in experiments; â⠂¬Å"half are only used through education† (Donna 7). â€Å"A 40% is applied in basic research, the 26% for drug development, a 20% are examined for products, and the 14% that is left is applied on education and miscellaneous† (Donna 5). The inhumane cruelty affects the innocent creatures. Animals should only be used for education, and research purposes. Therefore, regulations must increase on animal protection. Increasing policiesRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing798 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year, animals are subjected to cruel and unnecessary experimentation. According to the USDA, â€Å"between 1990-1997 research labs registered with the USDA reported killing at least 12,895,885 dogs, cats, primates, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, bears, armadillos, squirrels, wild rodents and other species. This doesnt include non USDA registered labs† (â€Å"Wikianswers†). Lab animals are cut up and tortured to death all in the name of science. How can we as fellow animal species continue to allowRead More Animal testing Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesUse of animals for Laboratory Testing There has been an on going debate on whether to use animals for laboratory testing. There are people now saying the use of animals in laboratory testing is not necessary and there are other alternatives. Many of these people claim the tests that are performed on the animals are not particularly valid. On the other hand, others claim that laboratory testing has been depended on animals to achieve medical advances. Whether or not the use of animals in laboratoryRead More Animal Testing Essay710 Words   |  3 Pagesanimal testing â€Å"Beauty without cruelty† is the outcry that can be heard from animal right activists around the world. The FDA does not require companies to perform tests on animals but if the cosmetic product contains chemicals that can be seen as toxins, testing becomes a necessity. There are currently thirteen safety tests that are performed on animals. Anti-testing activists deem these unnecessary and consider them to be cruel. â€Å"Fourteen million animals are used currently in the U.SRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing676 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Testing In the 1880’s, Louis Pasteur conducted one of the most unpleasant series of animal experiments in the history of the fight against infectious disease. Unable to see the organism that causes rabies with the microscopes available, he convinced a skeptical medical community of the microorganism’s existence and also the possibility of vaccinating against it. He did this by doing work on rabbits and dogs. In 1885, after much heart searching, he tried out his rabies vaccine on aRead MoreEssay on Animal Testing1383 Words   |  6 Pagesand Behavior Animal testing is not a problem in today’s society because it is beneficial to humans. It seems unethical to put animals through such pain and torture, but if we stopped it completely there would be a large amount of human lives lost. How could this be? The further advancements in medical and technological science is inevitable. Therefore, if the testing must be done to learn more about the brain and body, which species (animals or man) seems expendable for such testing. The real questionRead MoreAnimal Testing and Mistreatment of Animals Essay554 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal research has played a major role in developing medications and treatments available to humans today, without animals, doctors would not be able to introduce these medications and treatments without initially testing them for safety. My wife has a son who was born without the pulmonary artery and because of animal research; he was provided another outlet for survival. In his first five days of life, he underwent surgery. It was the longest days of her life as she reminiscences, for twelveRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Wrong Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has been around since the third and fourth centuries BC, when it was performed by Greek philosopher-physicians. However, it is unknown when people began to question this process. In today’s society, the idea of testing products on animals has become more and more controversial with numerous groups being created and becoming even more vocal. While people will decide for themselves where they stand in this argument, I would hope that most would agree that animal abuse is wrong. So,Read More Animal Testing Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pages Animal Testing nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;More and more animals are being taken form their natural habitats and tested on every year. Researchers, scientists, and companies just trying to make new products are using animals to further their experiments. If animal testing continues to happen at this rate then their will be no animals left to use for food, study, or even for simple amusement. When the animals are being taken form their natural environments it harms

A World of Critical Thinkers Free Essays

The world is becoming more competitive thus, there is an need to make decisions that would matter. In formulating intelligent decisions, the individual should not only think individually but holistically. It is through collective thinking that he is able to see the real impact of a certain act. We will write a custom essay sample on A World of Critical Thinkers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this day and age, there are is a need to look beyond the facts and analyze things deeper. As much as possible, all details should be taken into consideretion. The paper contains a discussion of critical thinking and how it could help in the formulating intelligent decisions. It enumerates the characterisitics of a critical thinker and the instances whhere this form of thinking can be applied. A World of Critical Thinkers Many educators are concerned with the way their students process information. There are those who exhibit confusion and doubt their understanding of the lessons while there are those who feel confident about it and can answer any question related to the topic. This variance that educators get from their students places them in doubt whether or not they are able to reach out to the needs of their students. In most instances, the teacher is the provider of the information while the student is the receiver; seldom does it happen that process is reversed. This is the reason why many students exhibit dependence to their teachers. However, this should not be the case as it is like spoon feeding them. Learning is not merely about absorbing the information that are provided, it is about understanding, analyzing and thinking critically the subject matter presented. The level of understanding of the students do not actually depend on their mental capacity but on their capability to think critically. Critical thinking is a form of reflective, skillful and responsible thinking. It is going beyond the facts and finding reason for the existence of those facts. It is the ability of an individual to take charge of his own thinking by developing criteria and standards for assessment (Elder and Paul,1994). Critical thinkers are not contented with what are merely presented to them, they exert effort to understand and reason out through gathering additional information. They analyze holistically and not individually. Through this collective analysis, one can interconnect the details and see the real impact thereof. Good conclusions are not simply formulated from a simple set of facts; they are based on research and critical analysis. A good critic ignores his biases and tries to understand things as they appear. He uses evidence impartially and skillfully. He is someone who is willing to let go of his hypothesis and formulated conclusions in case the results do not come out right. He is open minded and expects a lot of possibilities. He does not limit himself with what he knows; instead he explores to understand and learn. He also understands the difference between logically valid and invalid inferences and can distinguish the variance betweem reasoning and rationalizing. Most of the designers of critical thinking programs are social scientists. They create these designs mainly to improve thinking in the fields of social studies and the humnanities (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking can be applied in lectures, laboratories, making of homeworks, quantitative execises such as solving mathematical and word problems, making of term papers and most importantly answering questions during examinations. These activities encourage the students to understand better and apply inquisitive and reasoning skills (Schafersman, 1991). Critical thinking skills should be developed as early as possible because once this is established, it will be easier for the individual to make intelligent choices. The reason why many people commit mistakes is not because of mere ignorance or frailty of mind. They commit mistakes because they fail to think intelligently and analyze the facts involved before they act or make decisions. Hard decisions in life are made after careful thinking and analysis. All aspects of the issue is viewed and all possible effects are expected. A critical thinker is able plan ahead and provide remedy for any anomaly that may happen in the execution of his task or in the realization of the decision that he made. At work, the application of critical thinking is inevitable. Proper decisions must be made in order for the company to function better. Any unintelligent decision may create serious repurcussions. Every move must count and the effects thereof be combatted easily. I was once assigned to make a proposal regarding the expansion of the market of the company that I work for. In making the proposal, I did not simply rely on what I know instead I conducted research and surveys. First I listed the interests of the company and its main goals then I made a list of competitors and analyzed their profile. I studied their strengths and weaknesses as well as the business interetsts that they have. Through this process, I was able to figure out on which aspect can the company can develop an edge over the others. When I have determined the aspect to concetrate on, I researched for possible markets for the new undertaking. I conducted surveys to determine its profitability and the people who will patronize it. Knowing the class of people who are interested in the undertaking will help the company in creating products and giving services that they need and want. A company exists to provide services and products for the consumption of the people. They exist to serve and gain profit thus, in formulating decisions, they make sure that the needs of their clients are addressed. After generating data for the new business and the market thereof, I also made an analysis on how to go about with it. The advantages and disadvantages were laid out as well as the probability of the success of the business. Analyzing the data as well as the results of the surveys was a difficult task since these were not seen as they are. There was a holistic analysis of the issues presented to better understand the impact of the project. Taking them piece by piece may not necessarily yield to the results that the company needs. I had to look beyond the facts and think for the future. I also opened my mind to several possibilities that may happen and prepared back up plans in case the initial plan fails. The result generted from all of these facts were collated to form the proposal. It was after completing the job that I realized the importance of critical thinking. There is a need to think out of the box to be able to list down endless possibilities and ways of exploring those possibilities. Through the activity,i realized that critical thinking is a tedious process, however the results generated from it makes the effort worthwhile. Through critical thinking, the world becomes more colorful and exciting. References Elder, L. and Paul, R. â€Å"Critical thinking: why we must transform our teaching. † Journal of Development Education, Fall 1994. Schafersman, S. (1991). An Introduction to Critical Thinking. Free Inquiry. Retrieved 14 October 2008 from, http://www. freeinquiry. com/critical-thinking. html How to cite A World of Critical Thinkers, Papers

Western Music History free essay sample

It was, however, not always so black-and-white during the says of early musical revolution; it was even less of the case when it came to classical music. For the remainder of this thesis, would like to bring attention to four composers who I felt not only helped music evolve in terms Of style, but also change the way the world will look at them, forever. First, let us begin by defining what the various styles of classical music is, as well as their evolutions. Early Western classical music is divided into medieval, renaissance and baroque, the last of which is where this thesis will be delving into first before going along the timeline.Mozart and Beethoven biographer Maynard Solomon has said that while the arguably two most famous composers of all time have helped popularize classical music amongst the general masses through various means of media, it is without a doubt that without the likes of Bach and his peers, there would have been no Gustavo Mailer or Richard Strauss. That would take place centuries after most of these composers have passed on. Nevertheless, how exactly did the composers of back then affect not only music, but people in general now?Richard Tarsuss from the University of California argued that John Adams peer The Death of Cliffhanger was romanticism terrorists, and Australian- American composer Melissa Dungy has been frowned upon for using wordings from controversial speeches against neo-Baroque styled music for politically charged pieces. Did classical music really have a hand in the political or socio-economic scene of their time period? Let us take a look. Going not only in chronological order but also in terms of musical evolution, the first to come up would be a man known the world over by his last name: Johann Sebastian Bach.Such is the legacy of the man that after over 200 ears Of his death, his middle and surname would be taken as the Stage name of rock/metal band Skid ROWS frontal. While most people would assume a composer is merely someone who sits at a piano, Bach was in reality an organist, harp sichordist, violist and violinist. A pioneer of the Baroque period, Bach began musical tutelage under his father, a famous local violinist from his hometown of Sciences, Germany. Born in 1685, the young Johann Sebastian had to live with his brother Johann Christopher from the tender young age of 9 after his parents had passed away. Through his brother, who as an organ player in church and had himself studied under Johann Poachable, Bach began learning the clavichord before being given a scholarship to study music at the age of 14. This would later prove invaluable as it exposed him to a wider aspect of European culture, whilst rubbing shoulders with the sons of noblemen. Once free from his studies at SST. Michaels School in Lundeberg, Bach came into the employment of several churches and even one Duke Johann Ernst from Whimper. His dissatisfaction with his employers led him to seek a job at SST.Ballasts, where not only did he eve better working conditions, but it is also where he met his future wife Maria Barbara Bach. After convincing the church and city government to renovate the organ at the church, he in turn wrote his first hit Got sit mien K ¶nigh, BOW 71- for the inauguration of the new council. In 1723, Bach began to get seriously busy and began rewriting his and other composers composition, this is a common practice in those days, it is known that Bachs technique of imitating and improvising is nearly as creative as an original composition.It was between 1 722 and 1 742 when Bach would write The Well- Tempered Clavier to demonstrate a technique called equal temperament, which meant that all adjacent notes will have an identical frequency ratio, and doing so in all 24 major and minor keys. Due to this, most classically trained pianists can find their way between an F# and a KGB, which are two different notes although they are the same inharmoniously. Indeed, after his death, Beethoven called Bach the original father Of 1903).After the passing of Bach in 1750, six years later a boy would be born also in Germany, and just like Bach, have his first name given to the son of rock agene Eddie Van Helen, and his middle name the title of a cult movie: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Alth ough widely regarded as someone from the classical era as opposed to Baroque as in the case of Bach, Mozart came from similar beginnings: his father was too a famous violinist.However, unlike Bach, Mozart needed not receive any musical education; he was spotted as prodigy early on by his father at the tender age of 3, and already writing simple compositions by the age of 5. Along with his sister Maria Anna, nicknamed Manner, Mozart and family would travel across Europe to play in courts to the audience of several noblemen. Indeed, a particular influence on the young Mozart would be to see one Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, whom he met in London in 1 764 and 1765.Touring back then was even more difficult than in todays time, as they constantly had to wait for reimbursement from the nobility as well as near fatal illnesses that struck both the children as well as father Leopold. After returning from Italy on March 1 773, Mozart, who had by now composed several operas, soon found appointment in the Syllabus court by employment of ruler Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colored. It was here hat Mozart developed some of his best works: five violin concertos, the only ones he ever wrote, as well as a K. 71 , a piano concerto considered by many to be breakthrough piece of music (Solomon, 1995). However, after plying his trade the re as well as Paris, it would not be until his move to Vienna in 1781 after a falling out with his employer Archbishop Colored that Mozart would become the composer we know of him as today. This move is the revolutionary step in his career, as well as his life (Solomon, 1995). He soon immersed himself in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel, due to Gottfried van Sweeties owning many manuscripts of Baroque maestros.Needless to say, his knowledge of these pieces of work along with his prodigious skills made him a remarkably famous and successful composer, which in turn led him to becoming a Freemason in 1784. Towards the end of his life, Mozart returned to writing operas, writing the masterpieces The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni before the Status- Turkish War hindered his career. Indeed, a young Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna hoping to study with him, although no records indicate that he two ever met. Alas, Mozart would fall ill on 6 September 1791 and die almost exactly 3 months later, on 5 December at the age of 35.Nevertheless, when one door closes, another opens. This came in the form Of a Polish composer by the name of FRR ©d ©rice Franà §ois Chopin. Like Mozart, Chopin too was a prodigy, and likewise also received musical training from not only his father who was a flautist and violinist, but also his mother who played the piano. Unlike Mozart, he did receive musical education from Czech composer Which Zany. Just like his predecessors, he started his career at he age of 7 by giving public concerts, before becoming a playmate to the son of Grand Duke Constantine, the Russian Poland ruler.By the autumn of 1826, Chopin began studies under the wing of composer Jeff Eisner at the Warsaw Conservatory. Three years later, he would be premiering his Variations on L CIA dared la Mann, Pop. 2 which is a variation of a theme from Mozart aforementioned Don Giovanni. The difference between Chopin and his virtuoso predecessors is that his income from teaching and composing allowed him to be financially independent Of concert-giving something Mozart and Bach were not so lucky to have.After leaving Poland for the very last time in 1831, Chopin became a French citizen and firmly established himself as one of Rupees premiere piano players and composers, playing pieces by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and also his own. Combining elements of his traditional Polish folk music as well as from the composers above, Chopin ushered in a new age of music: the Romantic period. Alas, just like many greats before and after him, Chopping health, which was already known to be very poorly since a very young age, deteriorated very quickly.On 17th October 1849, Chopin passed away with his sister Ludwig by his side. His cause of death has been thought to be tuberculosis, although it is debatable; it has since simply been known as Chopping disease. She then remove d his heart and placed it in an urn, which is now interred in Warsaw Holy Cross church. It should be noted that his funeral was a grand affair, with entrance being restricted to ticket holders, as well as Mozart Requiem being played at the ceremony complete with several soloists, in addition to his own work.Chopin was known for employing a rubout style of playing into his work, a style that was also prevalent in the works of Mozart before him. Fellow Romantic era composer Robert Schumann also noted that Chopin had a strong sense of Polish nationalism in him; he once said in a review of Chopping concertos in 1 836 that Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the 1 830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger if the mighty autocrat in the north [I. E. Tsar Alexander l] could know that in Chopping works, in the simple strains of his mazurka, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music.Chopping works are cannon buried in flowers! (Schumann, 1988). Last but not least, the composer who is considered to have bridged the g ap teen late 19th century and early 20th century Western classical music: Claude Debussy. Along with fellow composer Maurice Ravel, Debussy was one of the most prominent and influential composers of Impressionist music. Hailing from France, Debussy is the only one of the four composers Ive mentioned that came from a non-musical background; his father owned a shop which sold china and crockery, and his mother was a seamstress.He began taking violin lessons at the age of seven, who in turn drew the attention of supposed Chopin student Marie Matt © De Reveille. At the age of 0, he enrolled in the Paris Conservatoire, where he spent 11 years studying and struck up a friendship with fellow student Isadora Philipp, who after Debussy death would be asked for advice on how to play his pieces. Although he played pieces by Beethoven, Schumann and Chopin in public, Debussy did not like to conform to the teachings of the Academy, instead using dissonance techniques and intervals which were considered unorthodox.Perhaps much too far ahead for his time, Debussy became very close to the patroness of famous Russian composer Tchaikovsky, who in turn regarded Debussy s work as lacking unity. After exposure to late composer Richard Wagered work, he then set about working on his style: a sensory component to his music and striking harmonies. His initial works, including the now famous Claim De Lune, shows his usage of Parthian modal composition as well as scales not usually employed in the style of music in that day and age.His usage of parallel chords, whole-tone and pentatonic scales as well as unprepared modulations would be essential to jazz music decades later. He also drew inspiration from other forms of art, such as literature and even from something as odd as mathematics. Indeed, he myself described his composition set of 12 piano à ©tudes simply titled ?à ©tudes as a warning to pianists not to take up the musical profession unless they have remarkable hands. Claude Debussy died of rectal cancer on 25 March 191 8, occurring whilst bombs rained down on Paris during World War l.His influence amongst classical composers such as B ©la Bartok, Igor Stravinsky and George Gershwin notwithstanding, he also reached the hearts and minds Of jazz composers such as Miles Davis, Theologies Monk, Duke Elongation and Herein Hancock. One could argue that people such as Miles Davis were not exactly the best ole models, and because Miles was influenced by Debussy, who was influenced by Wilhelm Wagner, who in turn was influenced by Mozart, does that make Mozart the belligerent of vulgar words and music?

Analysing The Culture Of Ancient Rome Religion Essays

Analysing The Culture Of Ancient Rome Religion Essays Analysing The Culture Of Ancient Rome Religion Essay Analysing The Culture Of Ancient Rome Religion Essay In ancient Rome, non unlike today, a kid s first lessons came from the parents ( largely mother because the male parent was busy most of the clip ) . This is much like any kid in the U.S. today. After a male reached about six old ages of age he began larning the Torahs, history and physical preparation from his male parent, and in some instances, with the aid of male slaves. I would compare this in my ain life as my pa learning me right from incorrect, reading me books about the more recent wars, learning me to catch a baseball and subscribing me up for small conference when I was immature. The females were allowed to larn their female parent s responsibilities, as to fix to be a good married woman. The best that a male could make was to larn to be a great, influential talker so that he could do his manner onto the political phase. This holds true today ; if you have the personal appeal and fluid speech production ability ( being born into the right household besides helps a batch ) you can seek your fortune in the political circle. Notice I did non advert anything about cognition or ethical motives. The Roman society was a patriarchal 1. This is apparent in the male parent holding entire control of his belongings and everyone within it. It was besides apparent in the fact that girls were taught by their female parents from birth and neer allowed to derive the proper cognition to travel up in society the manner a boy was. This ensured the prominence of work forces in their society. Today, I believe things are a batch different but that we are still a patriarchal society. Although there are state of affairss that differ from the norm, such as single-mother households and sapphic households, the bulk of all households still look to the male parent to do the determinations and to take the incrimination if the determinations fail. Most female parents do the shopping and cookery, unless it s grilling. The female parents do most of the care-taking of the kids still unless the household can afford a nursemaid ( servant ) . One case in Petronius The Satyricon that truly brings that out is when Trimalchio has his retainers blare for Fortunata several times for her to come into the room to see with their friends. My married woman would non stand for that. If I called for her once or came to acquire her she would kindly admit me but if I had everyone in the house shouting her name she would be embarrassed and infuriated. It would non be a good eventide for me subsequently. Patrick Kelley pg. 2 There was a lecherousness for power and wealth merely as there is today. I believe that the Romans grew to understand that with a life in political relations came great wealth and power. Just as today, that encouraged people to make to achieve those places for the incorrect grounds and at all costs. That was portion of the ground for the prostration of Rome as it is portion of our economic and leading convulsion today. Cipher can truly anticipate to transport the wealth and power they accumulate to the hereafter but for some ground we see people even today rushing to achieve as much wealth as possible merely to decease seizing it. Why? ? Merely for the acknowledgment? Just for the bang? Nobody truly knows. But we all know that it does non go through on with us. In the instance of Trimalchio, he came from bondage and had a great amount of money bestowed onto him through an heritage from his maestro. One would believe that he would amp ; acirc ; ˆ?break the concatenation A ; acir c ; ˆA? of actions that he had been cursed to defy all his life but he continued them with a retribution, it seems. You still see people like this today. In North Korea, Kim Jong-Il seems to be such a character. Never a slave as Trimalchio was but he has alienated his state from the universe in an effort to look like a God to his people. He hoards all the state s resources and merely tells them what he wants them to hear, whether it be right or incorrect. He has an extended group of followings that move on his every bid to construct shrines and statues of him. I am certain before he dies he will committee a big cosmetic grave built for his entombment. The Roman civilization revolved around A ; acirc ; ˆ?doers A ; acirc ; ˆA? but they were more like multi-taskers if you ask me. They were a well-versed civilisation that could still take over another instead expeditiously. They were non interested in larning the humanistic disciplines or the finer things but more of the cognition that could let them to last and turn their imperium. They did necessitate to understand the linguistic communication, Torahs and authorities but that was about all of the book knowledge most of them cared to pass their clip on. In some ways we have establishments like this today. We have military academies that train soldiers. Although they offer really intense and honoring instructions they besides train plebes for a military life that will heighten the state s hereafter every bit good as their ain. We do hold many more careers and calling waies to partake in than the Romans did so our schools and colleges now teach a much broader base course of s tudy which allows us to analyze the finer things so that we may broaden our skylines or even go on to learn, ourselves. Merely as today, the Romans besides had those who trained intensely in rhetoric and persuasion. Two such illustrations of this would be Encolpius and Ascyltus from The Satyricon. They were both students of Agamemnon, who had to larn his instructions from another, besides. Merely as the Romans, I fear that we are heading down the route to the extinction of the Great American Empire. It seems as though we, as civilisations, do hold a life-cycle and that rhythm merely holds up every bit long as we feel we have something to be afraid of. We have been known as a universe world power for a twosome hundred old ages. We are afraid of things in this state but they are the incorrect things ; such as slaying, deficiency of wealth, beauty and power, and Armageddon. All of these existed in Rome before the autumn of the imperium. Murder will ever be a job but when it occurs like a pox inside your ain metropolis walls you are doomed to fall. When the wealthy are able to exponentially turn their wealth so the in-between category disappears. The money had to come from someplace and the hapless had none to lose. Patrick Kelley pg. 3 This happened in Rome and is get downing to truly pick up velocity here. I have noticed it ; hold you? When there is no in-between category all you have are a few truly rich people and a batch of truly hapless people. Who supports the economic system if everyone with money is stashing it? A batch of people are disquieted about Armageddon. The paranoia created by these feelings is what causes people to move and respond in ways that will convey an imperium or the full universe down. This besides happened during the terminal of the Roman imperium. If the natural terminal of civilisation comes there will be nil that can be done, although we will seek. Although our vision of beauty is different from the Roman vision of beauty we still gravitate to it like it was our God. Merely as we do today, the Romans gave their wealths off to beauty. This was seen in The Satyricon when Trimalchio received such a big heritage from his maestro. He did non maintain Trimalchio around all that clip merely because he watched over the place. He was infatuated with Trimalchio and kept him around for the sexual partnership. Trimalchio said he besides satisfied his maestro s married woman and I believe him because he said he was nt one to tout. Hopefully America does non go on down the same well-lit and easy accessible way as Trimalchio and Rome. It is ever that way that is easy to take and Trimalchio lit the torches. Hopefully America does non blow her horn so aloud that the fire brigade comes and when she turns back around all her dinner invitees are gone. THE End

PTSD Research Paper

PTSD Research Paper Autumn JohnsonMarch 30, 2014MS.ChitaphongPTSD Research PaperDoes Henry have enough symptoms to be diagnosed with PTSD?In the short story "The Red Convertible" Louise Erdrich does a great job explaining how war can affect a person's mind and emotions. Henry is a great example of how veterans come home from war. Families are torn apart, some of them don't make it after war often because of suicide, or they become distant from the outside world. Erdrich explains this clearly and gives specific examples about it. The goal of this research paper is to explain how Erdich shows the effects of war and examples of how Henry has symptoms of PTSD.PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder) is a type of anxiety disorder. It can often occur after going through an extreme emotional trauma that involved the threat if injury or death. Symptoms are reliving the event, avoidance, and hyper arousal.A person with PTSD symptoms may also show signs of stress, anxiety, and tension. You may have something that re minds you of the event, dreams that may be about the event, flashbacks like the event is really happening again. You try to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event and you may avoid places activities or people that remind you of the event. You have negative changes in your thinking and mood. You may have negative feelings about yourself or other people, inability to experience positive emotions, feeling emotionally numb, lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed, hopelessness about the future, memory problems including not remembering important aspects of the event and difficulty maintaining close relationships.An Egyptian veteran wrote about his emotions before he went into battle. PTSD can also be found in survivor of the Holocaust, car accidents, sexual assaults,

How to develop a culture of safety in health care organizations Essay

How to develop a culture of safety in health care organizations - Essay Example Unfortunately, this culture led to many incidents not to be reported. To combat this problem, health-workers are encouraged to report problems instead of hiding them, so that they can be solved in time. To develop a culture of safety in health organizations, cultures are accessed occasionally so as to make amicable changes where necessary. Additionally, teamwork is highly recommended so as to avoid the occurrence of blame games and negligence of risky incidents. Most organizations also advocate the participation of the patient in the treatment process so as to create good communication system between healthcare personnel and patients (Duke University Medical Center, 2005). Additionally, involvement of patients in the treatment process leads to physicians observing rules and regulations to the later so as to minimize the occurrence of accidents within health-centers. Routine check-up and update of healthcare systems have also been found effective in developing a culture of safety in health organizations. Thus, many healthcare organizations not only maintain, but also update their systems in order to catch up with technological advancements that aid in enhancing patients’ safe ty. Additionally, most health organizations also advocate openness among its employees so as to enhance patients, workers, and personnel safety within healthcare environment (Duke University Medical Center, 2005). Rule of accountability has also been found effective in developing a culture of safety in healthcare organizations. It achieves this by ensuring all the healthcare providers do their respective jobs

Explain the early development of the geocentric model of the universe Essay

Explain the early development of the geocentric model of the universe according to ancient greek cosmology - Essay Example Or else they are like the mind as it seeks mastery over the moving parts of its own body; or like a craftsman who does the best he can with whatever raw materials are available. The most influential thinker who had the most convincing notions of cosmology before Copernicus was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Aristotelian assumptions about place, space, matter, motion, and time served as the foundation for the Ptolemaic system, which dominated in the West for more than a thousand years. The plainness and unstrained authoritativeness of Aristotle's style may give us a glimpse into the sources, both rhetorical and philosophical, of his authority (Ross, 1930). Proposing the geocentric model of the universe, Aristotle focused his study on the earth's position, shape, and rest or motion as the center of the universe. His discussion by no means operates in a philosophical vacuum, but accounts briefly for other views in competition with his own. The line of argument is instructive for any who have imbibed the old clich, according to which geocentric cosmology is "said to locate the earth in the place of greatest importance in the universe." In Aristotle's geocentric model of the universe, each planet was attached to a transparent sphere of its own, and all spheres were turning round the earth.

Communication Processing In Modern Times Cultural Studies Essay

Communication Processing In Modern Times Cultural Studies Essay Nowadays, communication is become more important as it is used not only in business purpose, but also used widely in our daily life such as usual conversation or studies. While in hospitality and tourism industry, communication not only is use between customer and staff, but also use within the staffs in the organization. Besides that, communication also can be used to train staff in the hotel. If the communication did not go well in both conditions that are stated above, problems will occur and will also cause inconvenience to the hotel. This might bring up the problem of customer complain or mistake occurring when the operation of the hotel is going on. The definition of communication can be defined as transmitting information or exchanging message between two or more person. The communication process can be done by using the method of performing word, tone of voice or body language from one to another person. If without communication, other people might dont know what the person w ant or what the person want to say. So, it is important that a good communication process is carrying out when there is communication going on. 1.2 The communication process In a successful communication, it is very important that the sender send a clear message to the person he want to tell to. This will make the receiver get the message accurately and understanding it on the spot. Below is the figure of the process of communication that has been carrying out. In figure 1, it shows that the flow of a successful communication process. The communication process has involved two parties which are the sender and also the receiver, the message that is used, and also the type of how to transfer the messages. Besides that, the message that is send by the sender first are usually influenced by the senders personality which is the background of the sender, the sender education, and also attitude toward the receiver and so on. 1. Think meaning of message In the first element of the communication, it is focus on the sender part which the sender has something to tell other people about the idea or information that came out from his mind. The inspiration of the message that the sender want to tell might come from daily life, education, memories or task that had been given. Not only that, the sender also need to express the message clearly, directly and make it as simple as possible in order to let the receiver clear about the message. After that, the sender will choose the person whom he wants to tell to. 2. Express meaning in word, symbol In the second element, it is about the sender will express the message that they want to tell to the receiver through word, symbol, tone of voice, or body language. Besides that, there is few form of communication that the sender can use which is through verbal, nonverbal, written, representative visual and representative aural. 3. Transmits message (tell or write/send) In the third element, it is also the sender part that he will transmit the message to the people that he wanted to tell to. This can be done by transmit the message through telling the receiver the message, write the message out to the receiver, or send the message through e-mail to the receiver. While for the most important is, the message sent by the sender must be clear and easy to be understand by others. 4. Receive message (hear or read) In this element, this is the receiver part to receive the message that sent by the sender. The receiver will receive the message by hearing when the sender is telling the message. Besides that, the receiver also can receive the message by reading after the sender wrote down the message. 5. Translate word, symbols In the fifth element, it is still the receiver part that he or she will translate the word or the symbol that is sent by the sender into the way that the receiver understands. If the receiver doesnt understand what the sender is telling, it means that the communication process is not successful. So, when the sender is sending the message, he or she must make sure that the message that is sent is clear and direct on the spot. 6. Understanding and accept meaning In the last element, the task of the receiver is to understand and accept the meaning that the sender had sent to him or her. After the receiver had understood the message sent by the sender, the communication process will proceed to the first element again. If the communications fail, the process has to start over again. So, it is important that the sender send a message that is clear and easy to be understood by the receiver. 1.3 Form of communication use in hospitality industry For nowadays, communication can be divided into many forms that we usually will use in daily life such as verbal communication, nonverbal communication, written communication, representative visual and representative aural. While for hospitality industry, it also includes all of this form of communication when facing either with customer or the staff in the organization. First of all in hospitality industry, verbal form is the most common form of communication that is use when facing with guest and staff in the hotel. The definition of verbal communication means when the sender talk to the receiver, the sender will directly speak to the receiver by face to face or by through telephone. For example, the front office staff will communicate with the customer by face to face when the customer check in to the hotel. Besides that, verbal communication also occur when the customer call up to the front office staff to make a reservation in the hotel. While for nonverbal form of communication, it is also widely used in hospitality industry. The meaning of nonverbal communication means the message is send through two groups which is directly and indirectly. Directly nonverbal communication means the message is send through sign or similar gesturing while indirectly nonverbal communication means that the message is send through expression, physical attitude and so on. For example, the sign board that is used to warn the customer about the wet floor is an example of directly nonverbal communication. When the staff of the hotel saws a customer passing by and smiles to the customer, it is also a type of communication which is indirectly nonverbal communication as the action of smiling to the guest is the meaning of welcome. While for written form of communication, it also can be founded in hospitality industry. Written form of communication means that the messages are send through letters, notes, instruction, and book, manual and so on. For example, when a customer leaves a note on the room table for the staff in the hotel, this shows that a written communication has happen. Apart from that, the usage of representative visual also can be found in the hospitality industry. Representative visual means that the message is send through by painting, poster, or advertising display. For example, many hotels will advertise their hotel through newspaper as many people are reading it. This not only can communicate with other people, but also can reach the promotional purpose. It will also attract more people to come into the hotel. At last, hospitality industry also using representative aural as one of their communication process, the definition of representative aural can be say as the message is shown by musical form, promotional jingle and so on. For example, some hotel will use radio as one of their communication method. Some of the hotel will advertise their hotel when there is some event going on. 1.4 Conclusion In conclusion, communication has plays an important role in many business industry. Not only in daily life, but also in hospitality industries where it is the skill that used the most and there are many communications happen from time to time such as talking with the customer, greet to the customer. A good communication process have to be carried out successfully in order to make sure that the message is convey to the correct purpose and correct way. If not, mistake or problem might occur when things are going on. Not only that, misunderstanding also will occur and will cause arguing problem to happen. Conflict will also occur if the communication process did not success. So, it is necessary that make sure the communication is going on smoothly. Besides that, when sending a message, the message must be very clear and simple in order to make sure the message successfully send to the receiver.

A Comparative Study of Literary

I would like to appreciate deeply the Institute of Post-graduate Studies (PIPS) of Universities Gains Malaysia (ISM) for the graduate assistance scheme which has supported me financially and has permitted me to have more teaching experience in the university. I have really enjoyed it. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor Dry. Teeing Separate Bin Teeing Maid. You have given your time and attention to my study. You have edified me Intellectually, and morally. I have learnt a lot from you.I am profoundly grateful for all the efforts you have done for me to complete my studies. Well-done and thankful very much! Special thanks go to Mrs.. Teeing Handmaid Teeing Amdahl, and Mr.. Teeing Yah Teeing Maid for their moral support and encouragement. Thanks go also to the staff of the Department of Languages and translation of the Universities Gains Malaysia for their amity, friendship, dealing, and Interaction, which I have enjoyed for the period of my study. I'm grateful to my uncle Houseboys Abraham, and my aunt Marl Abraham for their moral support and encouragement.I ask forgiveness from my children, Camera Mohamed Abode and Housel Mohamed Abode for living away from them for so long. I have lived away from you In your early ages for the quest for knowledge for the Juvenile generation of which you are members. Do understand that I think of you too much. I pray to my late parents, Embargo Abraham and Abode Mindset. May God rest their souls. Finally, I thank God for giving me health and persons, and to bless me to contribute the knowledge I have learnt to mankind in general and to my country, Comers in particular. Amen!The last category deals with translator training, translation aids, and translation criticism. This study is conducted on the second category (TTS); it is a descriptive translation study in literary translation. It describes and compares translation aspects that can be semantically problematic. It is motivated by p roblems concerning the macrostructure (the global meaning of the texts understudy) and macrostructure (the expressive means of the texts understudy), their occurrence, translatability, and effects in literary translation. This study is a multilingual comparative study. It is a descriptive study on literary texts whose dynamic polyester, according to Hermann (1985: 10-12), requires a â€Å"continual interplay between theoretical models and practical case studies† carried out in a descriptive approach which is target-text oriented. Moreover, Avian and Darlene (1995: 9) state that â€Å"translation can be an object of research into the mechanisms of one language in relation to another. Translation allows us to clarify certain linguistic phenomena which otherwise would remain undiscovered. Weston (1991 : 9) points out that translation difficulties deal with overcoming conceptual differences between the SSL and TTL. Wills (1998: 58- 60), van Disk (1981: 5), and Escaroles (1978: 1 2- 14) have linguistically discussed the interdependence between macrostructure and macrostructure in terms of coherence and relationships. The former deal with the global relationships of the events and actions of the text, whereas the latter deals with the local details and their relationships between the

Group Lending and Mitigation of Adverse Selection in Microfinance

Maurya (2011) perfectly summarised the concepts of adverse selection and group lending. In essence, microfinance works on a joint liability model and the traditional theories of credit lending state that rural credit markets are imperfectly competitive and acquiring information about borrower types on who is risky and who is safe is not costless. This market imperfection leads to high interest rates and drives out safe borrowers from the credit market.In economic literature, this problem is considered as adverse selection problem and the joint liability model tries to solve the problem of adverse selection through group lending (Maurya, 2011). Group lending generally denotes a credit advancing model where individuals who do not have collateral form a group based on joint liability to access loans. It is widely regarded as one of the most important institutional innovations in development policy in the last quarter century (Morduch, 1999).The most understanding feature of group lendin g is joint liability. Joint liability to a group obligation that if one member of the group defaults on their loan all the other group members will contribute jointly to cover the defaulted amount. As a result the whole group is jointly liable for the pool of loans granted to each member of the group. Any member in default will spread the default to other group members regardless of them being personally in default or not.Recently many developments institutions have tried to use group lending to give loans to the poor and achieve the following: Avoid the use of collateral as it would be replaced by joint liability. pass off the screening, monitoring and enforcement of loans to the peers Reduce fixed transaction costs associated with issuing out very small loans The adverse selection problem occurs when lenders cannot distinguish inherently risky borrowers from safer borrowers. If lenders could distinguish by risk type, they could charge different interest rates to different types of borrowers.But with poor information, options are limited. The problem to lenders is that they cannot gather sufficient information at reasonable costs to determine the riskiness of the borrowers. As such to insulate themselves against losses of issuing loans at low interest to very risk borrowers they charge a high blanket interest rates for all loans. Adverse selection may lead to credit rationing as it induces lenders to charge everyone high interest rates to compensate for the possibility of having very risky borrowers in the customer population. (Morduch 2010).If the economy is consisting of safe and risky borrowers, only risk borrowers would remain in the market. Since safe borrowers regard themselves relatively safe debtors they will require a loans at low interest rates which is in tandem with their riskiness. Risky borrowers on the other hand know they are risky and would tolerate high interest rate as it perfectly relates their riskiness. As such when MFIs charge a high bl anket interest rate to avoid a mismatch in risk and return safe borrowers withdrawal from the market as they perceive the rate to be too high for their riskiness.Only risk borrowers would then be left in the market and all loan advances would be mad to risk borrowers – a situation that the MFI would be trying to avoid in the first place. So due to lack of information charging high interest rates to avoid risky borrowers would actually eliminate safe borrowers and attract risky borrowers – thus adverse selection. In principle, group lending with joint responsibility can mitigate this inefficiency (Armendariz and Morduch, 2010). Group lending mechanisms provide incentives to the borrowers to monitor each other to assess the creditworthiness of each member.Aghion (1999) showed theoretically how peer monitoring alone, with random formation of groups can help overcome adverse selection problems when monitoring is costly for lending institutions. Strong social networks have lower monitoring cost, which results in more credit being extended. Social networking provides a group of people who are well acquainted with each other and have a mutual trust in the economic viability and creditworthiness of each other. Poor borrowers cannot provide collateral to lending institutions and even when it is available, legal obstacles often prevent repossessing collateral when borrowers default. Ghatak, 1999). Ghatak (1999) have argued that group lending can solve this problem by taking advantage of information villagers have of each other’s type which is unavailable to the lender. Assortive matching can be discussed under two assumption: (1) when borrowers cannot distinguish the type of the other borrower – private information case and (2) when borrowers can distinguish the other borrower’s type. (Aghion and Gollier, 2000) Under the private information case, borrowers cannot distinguish if the other is of their own type – safe or risky.As s uch borrowers will form groups based on randomly selection cemented by their need for a loan. In such instances the group will be formed of both risky and safe borrowers. Due to joint liability safe borrowers can therefore repay defaulted loans on behalf of risky borrowers and in turn joint liability will reduce the interest rates which attract safe borrowers back into the market. Rates under such group lending will be reduced due to a frequent and stable rate of repayment. (Aghion and Gollier, 2000).Sometimes referred as negative assertive matching, this ensures that the proportion of safe borrowers in the group will generate returns high enough to cover for their defaulting partners. In turn safe borrowers will impose tough social sanctions on the risky borrowers so that they do not default deliberately. This implies that the lender can pass risk from risky borrowers to safe borrowers and thus reduce the overall riskiness of the group. Additionally, auditing costs, monitoring cost s and information gathering costs will be avoided.This enables the lender to reduce their lending rate significantly and still break even. As a result safe borrowers will be lured back into the market through negative assertive matching. In instances where peers have information about the type of the other borrower, safe borrowers will only group together and avoid risky borrowers in their group as this disadvantage them through joint liability. Risky borrowers on the other hand are excluded from safe groups so they will join together and form their own risky group – which won’t be so risky considering the benefit of joint liability.Since can positively assort themselves between safe and risky groups, the lending institution can charge differential rates between these groups depending on the overall riskiness of the group. Groups can be requested to provide information about their members if they want credit. This both reduce costs of information gathering and help the lender determine what class the group can be categorised into – safe or risky. Through use of assertive matching a differentiation previously inhibited due to information unavailability can be made and differential rates be charged to different types of borrowers.The level of gravity of social sanctions imposed by each member in the group helps increase the credibility of the group. As a result the higher the extend of social sanctions in a group the lower the groups risk of default and thus lower rates can be charged to retain safe borrowers. However, assertive cannot be able to completely solve the problem of adverse selection. For example in a group the better performer who is always covering for others defaults can deliberately default on his loan to distress the group and the whole group might default.This is amplified in negative assertive matching where a group may be highly dependent on the performance of one member. In conclusion, assertive matching can lower intere st rates and circumvent credit market inefficiencies even in the case where borrowers are imperfectly informed about each other’s type (Aghion and Gollier, 2000). REFERENCES: Armendariz de Aghion and Gollier. C. (2000), ‘Peer Group Formation in an Adverse Selection Model’, the Economic Journal, 110, p. 632-643. Armendariz de Aghion, B. 1999), â€Å"On the Design of a Credit Agreement with Peer Monitoring†, Journal of Development Economics, 60, p. 79-104 Ghatak, M. (1999), ‘Group Lending, Local Information and Peer Selection’, Journal of Development Economics, 60, p. 27-50 Kumar, A (2005), Self-help groups: Use of Modified ROSCA in Microfinance    Maurya, R. (2010) ‘Poverty Reduction through Microfinance: A study of SHG-Bank Linkage Model,’ the microfinance review, Vol. II (1), January-June 2010 Morduch J. (1999) ‘The microfinance promise,’ Journal of Economic Literature 37, 1569-1614 Group Lending and Mitigation of Adverse Selection in Microfinance Maurya (2011) perfectly summarised the concepts of adverse selection and group lending. In essence, microfinance works on a joint liability model and the traditional theories of credit lending state that rural credit markets are imperfectly competitive and acquiring information about borrower types on who is risky and who is safe is not costless. This market imperfection leads to high interest rates and drives out safe borrowers from the credit market.In economic literature, this problem is considered as adverse selection problem and the joint liability model tries to solve the problem of adverse selection through group lending (Maurya, 2011). Group lending generally denotes a credit advancing model where individuals who do not have collateral form a group based on joint liability to access loans. It is widely regarded as one of the most important institutional innovations in development policy in the last quarter century (Morduch, 1999).The most understanding feature of group lendin g is joint liability. Joint liability to a group obligation that if one member of the group defaults on their loan all the other group members will contribute jointly to cover the defaulted amount. As a result the whole group is jointly liable for the pool of loans granted to each member of the group. Any member in default will spread the default to other group members regardless of them being personally in default or not.Recently many developments institutions have tried to use group lending to give loans to the poor and achieve the following: Avoid the use of collateral as it would be replaced by joint liability. pass off the screening, monitoring and enforcement of loans to the peers Reduce fixed transaction costs associated with issuing out very small loans The adverse selection problem occurs when lenders cannot distinguish inherently risky borrowers from safer borrowers. If lenders could distinguish by risk type, they could charge different interest rates to different types of borrowers.But with poor information, options are limited. The problem to lenders is that they cannot gather sufficient information at reasonable costs to determine the riskiness of the borrowers. As such to insulate themselves against losses of issuing loans at low interest to very risk borrowers they charge a high blanket interest rates for all loans. Adverse selection may lead to credit rationing as it induces lenders to charge everyone high interest rates to compensate for the possibility of having very risky borrowers in the customer population. (Morduch 2010).If the economy is consisting of safe and risky borrowers, only risk borrowers would remain in the market. Since safe borrowers regard themselves relatively safe debtors they will require a loans at low interest rates which is in tandem with their riskiness. Risky borrowers on the other hand know they are risky and would tolerate high interest rate as it perfectly relates their riskiness. As such when MFIs charge a high bl anket interest rate to avoid a mismatch in risk and return safe borrowers withdrawal from the market as they perceive the rate to be too high for their riskiness.Only risk borrowers would then be left in the market and all loan advances would be mad to risk borrowers – a situation that the MFI would be trying to avoid in the first place. So due to lack of information charging high interest rates to avoid risky borrowers would actually eliminate safe borrowers and attract risky borrowers – thus adverse selection. In principle, group lending with joint responsibility can mitigate this inefficiency (Armendariz and Morduch, 2010). Group lending mechanisms provide incentives to the borrowers to monitor each other to assess the creditworthiness of each member.Aghion (1999) showed theoretically how peer monitoring alone, with random formation of groups can help overcome adverse selection problems when monitoring is costly for lending institutions. Strong social networks have lower monitoring cost, which results in more credit being extended. Social networking provides a group of people who are well acquainted with each other and have a mutual trust in the economic viability and creditworthiness of each other. Poor borrowers cannot provide collateral to lending institutions and even when it is available, legal obstacles often prevent repossessing collateral when borrowers default. Ghatak, 1999). Ghatak (1999) have argued that group lending can solve this problem by taking advantage of information villagers have of each other’s type which is unavailable to the lender. Assortive matching can be discussed under two assumption: (1) when borrowers cannot distinguish the type of the other borrower – private information case and (2) when borrowers can distinguish the other borrower’s type. (Aghion and Gollier, 2000) Under the private information case, borrowers cannot distinguish if the other is of their own type – safe or risky.As s uch borrowers will form groups based on randomly selection cemented by their need for a loan. In such instances the group will be formed of both risky and safe borrowers. Due to joint liability safe borrowers can therefore repay defaulted loans on behalf of risky borrowers and in turn joint liability will reduce the interest rates which attract safe borrowers back into the market. Rates under such group lending will be reduced due to a frequent and stable rate of repayment. (Aghion and Gollier, 2000).Sometimes referred as negative assertive matching, this ensures that the proportion of safe borrowers in the group will generate returns high enough to cover for their defaulting partners. In turn safe borrowers will impose tough social sanctions on the risky borrowers so that they do not default deliberately. This implies that the lender can pass risk from risky borrowers to safe borrowers and thus reduce the overall riskiness of the group. Additionally, auditing costs, monitoring cost s and information gathering costs will be avoided.This enables the lender to reduce their lending rate significantly and still break even. As a result safe borrowers will be lured back into the market through negative assertive matching. In instances where peers have information about the type of the other borrower, safe borrowers will only group together and avoid risky borrowers in their group as this disadvantage them through joint liability. Risky borrowers on the other hand are excluded from safe groups so they will join together and form their own risky group – which won’t be so risky considering the benefit of joint liability.Since can positively assort themselves between safe and risky groups, the lending institution can charge differential rates between these groups depending on the overall riskiness of the group. Groups can be requested to provide information about their members if they want credit. This both reduce costs of information gathering and help the lender determine what class the group can be categorised into – safe or risky. Through use of assertive matching a differentiation previously inhibited due to information unavailability can be made and differential rates be charged to different types of borrowers.The level of gravity of social sanctions imposed by each member in the group helps increase the credibility of the group. As a result the higher the extend of social sanctions in a group the lower the groups risk of default and thus lower rates can be charged to retain safe borrowers. However, assertive cannot be able to completely solve the problem of adverse selection. For example in a group the better performer who is always covering for others defaults can deliberately default on his loan to distress the group and the whole group might default.This is amplified in negative assertive matching where a group may be highly dependent on the performance of one member. In conclusion, assertive matching can lower intere st rates and circumvent credit market inefficiencies even in the case where borrowers are imperfectly informed about each other’s type (Aghion and Gollier, 2000). REFERENCES: Armendariz de Aghion and Gollier. C. (2000), ‘Peer Group Formation in an Adverse Selection Model’, the Economic Journal, 110, p. 632-643. Armendariz de Aghion, B. 1999), â€Å"On the Design of a Credit Agreement with Peer Monitoring†, Journal of Development Economics, 60, p. 79-104 Ghatak, M. (1999), ‘Group Lending, Local Information and Peer Selection’, Journal of Development Economics, 60, p. 27-50 Kumar, A (2005), Self-help groups: Use of Modified ROSCA in Microfinance    Maurya, R. (2010) ‘Poverty Reduction through Microfinance: A study of SHG-Bank Linkage Model,’ the microfinance review, Vol. II (1), January-June 2010 Morduch J. (1999) ‘The microfinance promise,’ Journal of Economic Literature 37, 1569-1614